Aeolian Hammond BA player organ with Hammond tone cabinet (1938) The is an, invented by and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. Various models were produced, which originally used to generate sound via, where component waveform ratios are mixed by sliding switches called and imitate the pipe organ's registers. Around 2 million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs ever. The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the.

• Hammond Series 8000 Service Manual

Contents. Tonewheel organs Tonewheel organs generate sound by mechanical toothed wheels, that rotate in front of electromagnetic pickups. Each tonewheel assembly creates tones with low harmonic content, close to a sine wave. Inside the coil is a permanent magnet. As the teeth of the tonewheel pass by, the strength of the magnetism changes—when the tip of a tooth is closest to the tip of the magnet, the magnetism is strongest. As the magnetism varies, that induces an alternating current (AC) in the coil, which becomes one of the frequencies used in harmonic synthesis. Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description.

X-66 1967–1973 12-tone tonewheel generator with frequency divider and various additional features X-77 1968–1973 A restyled H-100, designed to replace the B-3. Had its own Leslie cabinet, the X-77L Two models in Church-styled cabinet were made under military specifications, and named G (G for 'Government contract', with chorus), and G-2 (with vibrato), to be installed in chapels and officer's messes of U.S. Army and Navy. Vacuum tube musical instruments Vacuum tube musical instruments mean generating sound with -based.

Hammond Organ Company commercialized it in the late-1930s as (1939–1942) and Solovox (1940–1948). Especially, new designs introduced on Novachord — and — were immediately followed by many manufacturers of and during the 1940s-1970s. However, Hammond Organ Company did not adopt these on main products until the late-1960s, except for S series (1950–1966) and 'Solo Pedal Unit' on RT series and D-100 (1949–1969). Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description.

Solovox (model J,K,L) 1940–1950 Monophonic attachment keyboard instrument, intended to accompany the pianos with lead voice of organ and orchestral sound. It consists of two units — a 3-octave mini keyboard attaching under the piano keyboard, and a tone cabinet including electronic sound generator, amplifier and loudspeaker.

The sound generator is based on a vacuum tube oscillator and octave divider circuits originally designed for Novachord. There are three minor changed models:. Model J (1940–1946). Model K (1946–1948). Model L (1948–1950).

Solo Pedal Unit on RT series and D-100 1949–1969 Solo Pedal Unit (or Pedal Solo Unit) provides a monophonic bright bass sound on RT series and model D-100 consoles, layered with tradiotional polyphonic tonewheel pedal sound. Although Solo Pedal Unit is and it can play only one note at a time, the players can play polyphonic bass lines by the help of traditional pedal sound. The sound generator is electrically similar to Solovox Model L. It consists of a vacuum tube oscillator and five frequency divider circuits, controlled by a volume and 8-stop tablets (Bourdon 32', Bombarde 32', 16', 8', 4', 2' & 1', mute, pedal solo on) placed on the right side of lower manual. Although there are five revisions of units, these are interchangeable on all RT series consoles.

S series Chord Organ 1950–1966 First. Its ' easy to play' style initiated a new leading to today's market. The S series Chord Organ can be played via following interfaces:. 37-note keyboard for solo or chords. 96-chord buttons (12-semitones × 8-chords variation) for chords. 2 wire touch-plates for strumming effect. 2 bass pedals for root & 5th.

1 expression pedal (or knee lever) for total volume control. 3 volume knobs for volume of each part (solo, chord, bass) Transistor organs Hammond started to produce transistor organs when the production of tonewheels became too expensive, switching to full-time Integrated Circuit (IC) models in 1975. Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description.

Cougar 1973–1976 Transistor spinet organ with drawbars, in some extent, corresponded to a kind of successor of L-100 series tonewheel spinet organ, although its new drawbars arrangement is slightly exotic; its upper manual has normal nine drawbars; on the other hand, lower manual has only two 8' drawbars with sawtooth. This anomalous design was only followed by a few models (8000 series, 8100 series, and 8200 Aurora series). Dolphin 1973–1976 Spinet organ with built-in and 20 one finger chords.

J-100 1967–1968 (Late 1960s ) Transistor spinet organ - no tonewheels. Reid, Gordon (November 2003). Sound On Sound.

Retrieved 25 April 2011., pp. 74-75., VintageHammond.com., OrganHouse.com. – Two manufacturer plates can be confirmed: one is ' ' by Hammond Instrument Co., and the other is ' ' by Aeolian-Skinner organ Co. ^ Spark, Rod (October 1997). Retrieved 30 July 2013., Retrieved 5 August 2013. Howell, Steve; Wilson, Dan. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

See also site's page. Service Manual.

Hammond Organ Company. ^,., ad, September 27, 1958.,., p. 176., pp. 58,63. ^, — Serial number plates by Yamaha were printed as: ' Built by to Specifications of Hammond Organ Company, Chicago, ILL. Made in Japan'. Also vivid color tablet buttons and ' rice paper finish' wood print panel seem to share the design language of Yamaha Electone at that time. ^, — Serial number plates (probably not by Yamaha) were simply printed as: ' Hammond International, Chicago, ILL.

Made in Japan'. ^,., pp. H-20–H-22. Welch, Jerry (2011). Organ Service Company, Inc.

Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ Magnus, Nick (October 1998). Archived from on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2 August 2013., ' Bovenmanuaal met 61 toetsen - 9 drawbars / Ondermanuaal 61 toetsen - 9 drawbars / Pedaal 25 tonig - 2 drawbars'. Jacques, David (2001).

Archived from on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2 Feb 2014. Hugh Robjohns. Sound On Sound (July 2003).

Archived from on 2006-11-06. Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005). Retrieved 31 July 2013. Hart, Terry (12 August 2011). Mixdown Magazine.

Archived from on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Fortner, Stephen (13 December 2011).

Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Bibliography.

Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Corbin, Alfred (2006). Faragher, Scott (2011). The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous. Hal Leonard Corporation.

Hal Leonard Corporation. Riley, Chris (2006). Xulon Press. Vail, Mark (2002). The Hammond Organ: Beauty in the B. Backbeat Books. Waring, Dennis G (2002).

Wesleyan University Press. Other sources. (in Dutch). Hammond Toonwielorgelvereniging Netherland (Hammond Oragn Club Holland).

Retrieved 2013-08-06. Service Manual. Hammond Organ Company. Winterpark, FL: Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. Archived from (retyped PDF) on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2013-08-07.

(recreation of original in 1970); Originally published as: Introductory Section. Service Manual. Melrose Park, Illinois: Hammond Organ Company. (retyped PDF). 2001 c.1975.

Retrieved 2013-08-07. Note: It seems a retyped copy of original 'Introductory Section' of Service Manual in circa 1975, or similar. (scanned image in PDF).

2009 c.1984. Retrieved 2013-08-07. Note: It seems a reprint of 'Introductory Section' of Service Manual circa 1984, or similar. Hammond Zone. Retrieved 2013-08-06. Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

CONTENTS: Technical Description From Service Manual Each Hammond Organ Console has a main generator within it, and in some cases, depending on the model, a chorus generator. The main generator consist of the generator proper, a shaded pole for starting, a non-self-starting for driving the unit after starting, and a vibrato scanner mounted on the run motor for creating the vibrato effect. A drive shaft, resiliently coupled to the synchronous running motor, extends the entire length of the generator. Twenty-four driving gears, two each of twelve sizes, are mounted on this shaft, and the drive shaft itself is divided into several sections connected by flexible couplings. The starting motor is mounted at the end of this drive shaft, opposite the synchronous motor. There are 48 rotating assemblies, each consisting of a shaft and two discs known as These assemblies are coupled resiliently to the drive shaft. Each of the driving gears engages two bakelite gears associated with opposite rotating assemblies.

Figure 3 – Tone Generator Each high point on a tone wheel is called a tooth. The number of teeth on each of these tone wheels, in conjunction with the speed at which the tone wheel is revolving, determines the frequency of the tone generated. Each driving gear, with its two bakelite gears and four tone wheels, runs in a separate compartment magnetically shielded from the rest by steel plates which divide the generator into a series of bins. All four tone wheels in any one compartment run at the same speed.

The individual tone wheel shafts are mounted in bearings made of a special porous bronze and each of these bearings is connected to the oiling system by a cotton thread from the oil trough. Thus, oil from the trough is carried by capillary action to all bearings, penetrating them and lubricating the actual bearing surface. The drive shaft and both motors are lubricated in a similar manner.

It is very important to use the recommended grade of oil regularly, as it is essential to the proper operation of the organ that the generator be well lubricated. If oil of varying grades is used, it is likely that the generator may be sluggish in starting, and in time the threads may gum up and prevent the proper flow of oil. The two spring couplings on the motor shaft, the flexible couplings between sections of the drive shaft, and the tone wheel spring couplings all contribute to absorbing variations in motor speed. The synchronous motor does not deliver absolutely steady power, but rather operates with a series of pulsations, one with each half cycle. If the tone wheels were rigidly coupled to the motor, this slight irregularity would carry extra frequencies into each tone wheel. In addition, “hunting” is suppressed by the resilient couplings and inertia members of the synchronous motor proper. Associated with each tone wheel is a about 1/2 inch in diameter and 4 inches in length, with a coil of wire wound near one end.

The tip of the magnet at the coil end is ground to a sharp edge and mounted near the edge of the tone wheel. Each time a tooth passes this rod it causes a change in the magnetic field which induces a small voltage in the coil, the frequency being determined by the number of teeth and the wheel speed. Figure 4 – Hammond Tone Generator Small are used on the higher frequency magnets and larger coils on the lower frequencies. It is found that large pole pieces are needed on the low frequency magnets to give good frequency output, but it is necessary to use smaller ones on the high frequencies to prevent excessive iron losses. Some of the coils have copper rings mounted on them for the purpose of reducing harmonics. As these are used only on fairly low frequency coils, the eddy current loss in such a ring is small for the fundamental frequency of that coil, but high for its harmonics.

This has the effect of reducing the relative intensities of any harmonics which may be produced by irregularities in the tone wheels. The wheels are cut so to give as nearly a sine wave as possible, but the generated voltage seldom reaches that ideal condition, since even a change in the air gap will change the waveform. The tip of each magnet, as well as the edge of each tone wheel, is coated with lacquer to prevent corrosion, for, should oxidation set in, the change in tooth shape would introduce irregular frequencies. Locations of the various are shown in Figure 4. They are identified by their frequency numbers, and the broken line between any two numbers indicates that these two frequencies are supplies by one tone wheel assembly. Each magnet is set at the factory with the set screw partially loosened, while observing an output meter.

Experience has shown that the magnets seldom need adjustment and that setting them without proper equipment involves danger of damaging both magnet and wheel. Therefore it is not recommended that the serviceman attempt this adjustment. As a means of eliminating any vagrant harmonics that may be present, there are consisting of small transformers and condensers associated with certain frequencies. The transformers have a single tapped winding, and this tap is grounded, so one side, which is connected to the corresponding magnet coil through a condenser, forms a resonant circuit for the fundamental frequency of that coil.

This tends to emphasize the fundamental and suppress harmonics. Figure 6 – Hammond Tone Generator These are mounted on the top of the generator assembly. The transformers are mounted at an angle, thus minimizing the interference between them. The cores of the transformers are made of a special iron, and the number of laminations used is adjusted to secure the proper inductance. Wire from the magnet coils connect to the transformers, and wires from the transformers lead to the terminal strip on the generator. This terminal strip carries the output frequencies of the generator, which are arbitrarily numbered from 1 to 91 in order of increasing frequency.

This frequency numbering is continued throughout the instrument. In some models the frequencies are not in order on the terminal strip, and Figures 5 and 6 indicate the arrangement for different models. Several terminals at the right end are grounded to the generator frame and serve to ground the manuals and pedals. Transformers and condensers are not used below frequency 44, but a length of resistance wire shunts each generator. Frequencies 44 to 48 have transformers only, while both transformers and condensers are used for frequencies 49 to 91 except in the case of the Model A consoles numbered below 2179, which do not have condensers for frequencies 49 to 54 inclusive.

Hammond Series 8000 Service Manual

Two condenser values are used – 0.255 mfd for frequencies 49 to 54, and 0.105 mfd for frequencies 55 to 91. The transformers are all different. Each transformer is matched to its condenser and any replacements are supplied as matched pairs by the factory.

There are several types of generators in use and the following information will aid the service technician in identifying the console on which work is being performed. 91 Frequency Generator Model A serial No. 1 – 2676 Model B serial No. 4000 – 10,549 Model C serial No.

1 – 1247 Model D serial No. 1 – 3143 Model E serial No.

8000 – 8663 Player Consoles serial No. 9000 – 9209 The number of tone wheels on the above models is 91, and 5 blank wheels are used to maintain the balance of the rotating units. There are twelve wheels with two teeth, one to operate at each of twelve speeds, and similarly twelve have four teeth, twelve have eight teeth, twelve have sixteen, twelve have thirty-two, twelve have sixty-four, twelve have one hundred and twenty-eight and seven have one hundred and ninety-two. An assembly with a two tooth wheel also has a thirty-two tooth wheel which generates a frequency 4 octaves above the other. The four and sixty-four tooth wheels go together, as do the eight and one hundred and twenty-eight tooth wheels.

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The twelve sixteen tooth wheels are mounted with seven one hundred and ninety-two tooth wheels and the five blank wheels. In this last group the high frequency is not four octaves above the lower.

This arrangement gives a total of 91 frequencies that are connected to the corresponding terminals on the generator, and then to the manuals and pedal switch. In all cases, as mentioned above, the generator must be used with the corresponding manuals and pedal switches and other types of generators cannot be substituted. 82 Frequency Generator Model A serial No. 2677 – 2711 Model B serial No. 10,550 – 17,074 Model C serial No.

1248 – 17,074 Model D serial No. 3144 – 17,074 Model E serial No. 8664 – 8739 Model G serial No. 4101 – 7349 Player Consoles serial No. 9210 – only In the above consoles, frequency #1 to 9 have been omitted from the generator, and only 82 generator terminals are used. Similarly, there are only 82 tone wheels and magnets in the generator instead of 91. Blank wheels replace the nine two-tooth wheels formerly used to produce frequencies 1 to 9.

This generator change accompanies a wiring revision in the manual and pedal switches which makes the frequencies from 1 to 9 unnecessary. Generators having but 82 frequencies are easily identified by a blank space on the terminal strip at the left of the ground terminals. The first terminal at the left of this space is terminal #10. 91 Frequency Generator with Complex Tone Wheels Model BV serial No.

17075 – 29737 Model CV serial No. 17075 – 30287 Model RT serial No. 1001 – 1201 Model B-2 serial No.

35000 – 40303 Model C-2 serial No. 35001 – 40459 Model RT-2 serial No. 1300 – 2150 In the above consoles, the original two-tooth wheels in the generator have been replaced with twelve two-tooth complex tone wheels, which supply a fundamental tone that is enriched with the odd-number harmonics. Both manuals and pedal switch are wired differently and are therefore not interchangeable with earlier models. 91 Frequency Generator with complex tone wheels and narrow cover Model B-2 serial No. 40304 – and above Model C-2 serial No. 40460 – and above Model RT-2 serial No.

2151 – and above. This generator has twelve complex tone wheels and is idential to the one above except for the generator cover. Because the output terminals of this cover are not in order of frequency (see Figure 6) this type of generator is not interchangeable with the one above. Model M Tone Generator The generator used in Spinet Models M and M-2 has 86 tone wheels and differs from other models in several other respects. The twelve complex-tone wheels are different in shape from those used in other models, and the generator-to-manual cable connects directly to the filter transformer terminals. For details, refer to Model M or M-2 service book.